Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence, and Why the Distinction Matters
One is reasoning with material you have never seen. The other is knowledge you already hold. They are measured differently and they age in opposite directions.
383 articles · page 10 of 16
Articles 217–240 of 383, newest first. The introduction to this reading list, its topic hubs and the guides other articles cite most are on the first page.
One is reasoning with material you have never seen. The other is knowledge you already hold. They are measured differently and they age in opposite directions.
One number, three notations. The anchors worth memorising, how to scale a denominator to 100, and the rule that says which fractions terminate as decimals.
A fiscal crisis, a constitutional phase, a war, the Terror and Thermidor are five different things. Separating them is what makes 1789 comprehensible.
A shareable quiz and a normed assessment can use similar-looking questions and still be completely different objects. Here is the checklist that separates them.
How to spot a constant ratio, why the nth-term rule uses an exponent, and what negative ratios and ratios below one do to a sequence.
Ghana, Mali and Songhai were three separate Sahelian states with different capitals, centuries and evidence. Here is how to tell them apart properly.
Great Zimbabwe was built by Shona-speaking communities between about 1100 and 1450. What the excavations show, why it was abandoned, and what came next.
How grid and position memory tasks work, why location is its own kind of content, and the strategies that help on a grid but not on a list.
Why growing-sequence memory games break down in the middle of the list, what the serial position curve predicts, and how chunking moves the break point.
Enslaved people in Saint-Domingue destroyed slavery and French rule, founded Haiti in 1804, and were then billed by France for it. What the records show.
What a supportive at-home session with number facts looks like, why the timer should come last, and how a parent's own attitude changes the outcome.
An AH year is about 11 days shorter than a CE year, so it straddles two of them. Here are the four reasons careful sources still convert it differently.
Khan Academy, the OER Project, OpenLearn, Google Arts & Culture and our own app, compared on what each provider officially documents.
An invention timeline that starts 2.6 million years ago, spans every inhabited continent, and explains why asking who invented something usually has no answer.
Two different needs hide behind timeline app searches: building one and reading one. TimelineJS, Tiki-Toki, Preceden and our own app compared.
Oral tradition, radiocarbon, historical linguistics, king lists and Arabic manuscripts each date African history differently. Here is how they fit together.
Empires did not simply hand over power. How decolonisation actually proceeded after 1945, the routes it took, and what outlasted the formal transfers.
An IQ score is not a count of correct answers. It is a rank inside a norm sample, rescaled so the average is 100. Here is each step of that conversion.
Five to fifteen minutes covers most practice sessions. Here is the evidence on dose, why long sessions stop paying, and how to build one from short drills.
Published figures range from 40,000 to 65,000 years. Here is what each number measures, how optical dating works, and what is not in dispute.
Mughal expansion ran on conquest revenue, mobile courts and violent successions. What drove the growth, and why the decline story is still contested.
A repeatable five-step method for working with a historical document: source it, place it, read its assumptions, corroborate it, then state what it cannot show.
A research method for one country's timeline: where to start, how to cross-check outside the national frame, and how to record contested dates honestly.
First, largest, oldest, deadliest: a superlative is a claim about a measure. Four questions that let you check one before repeating it.